īronchoalveolar lavage of zinc oxide exposed volunteers demonstrates elevated interleukin 6, interleukin 8, and tumor necrosis factor in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Pulmonary function testing may show marked bronchospasm. There may be a type 1 hypersensitivity that may manifest as an angioedema allergic reaction. Ultrafine particles less than one micron in size drive much of the pathologic effects of metal fumes. Zinc oxide powder particles are much larger than freshly produced zinc oxide. The difference has been ascribed to the differential in the size of the particles. Interestingly, aerosolized zinc oxide powder does not produce the symptoms, whereas fresh zinc oxide does. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and other exposure limits exist, but in general, zinc oxide fumes of 75 to 600 mg of zinc per cubic meter for 1 to 3 hours are needed to produce the syndrome. Cadmium may produce a syndrome of pneumonitis, hypoxia, and even death, which in many respects is distinct from metal fume fever. Zinc, cadmium, iron, and aluminum oxides are the most common metals involved in metal fume fever. This process protects the steel from oxidation, corrosion, and weakening. Galvanization is a process by which a zinc coating is applied to steel. Exposure is from inhaling fumes during the welding process or cutting galvanized metal. Brazers may also apply coatings to protect against corrosion and wear.Įxposure to metal fumes has caused recognized illness for about 200 years and has been known under several names such as Monday fever, brass founders' ague, welders ague, smelter chills, and zinc shakes. Brazers connect dissimilar metals through the agency of filler material, thereby producing strong joints between multiple metals. Solderers typically work with small metal pieces that must be positioned precisely, for example, transistors or computer chips. Solderers and brazers use a third metal to join two or more other metal objects. Plasma cutters may be involved in dismantling large objects such as ships, railroad cars, and buildings. "Cutters" use an ionized gas called plasma, also of intense heat, to trim metal objects to specific dimensions. Zinc is the most common metal involved in these bonding procedures. The process chosen depends on the metals to be bonded. Arc welding produces currents to create intense heat, which melts metals and facilitates bonding. The most common is using electric currents to create heat, slightly melt metals, and bond them together. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that the syndrome of metal fume fever is seen most often in welders, cutters, brazers, and solderers. The association between metal oxides with symptoms of fever, dyspnea, and muscle aches was proven when Lehmann exposed himself and four volunteers to gaseous products of the welding process, including zinc oxide. For this reason, it is sometimes called "Monday morning fever." The first reported cases were in the 1830s. Improvement occurs over the course of the work week, but re-ex-exposure after return to work results in a return of symptoms, such as fever, malaise, and wheezing. Metal fume fever presents as a flu-like syndrome occurring shortly after these activities and others where metals are bound together. Welders also are involved in filling indentations and seams in the metal. Here's the great final cover in stores now and so forth.Metal fume fever is a self-limited febrile illness that occurs in those individuals that fuse metals, such as welders. If a death metal band forms as a result of this book, feel free to use these. I tried a sketch imitating the "Icee" logo, but it didn't work. This was my personal favorite, more rustic and rough hewn, with the old snow gimmick. The first was maybe more in the spirit of the original image, but ended up being too "chop socky." The trickiest part was making sure the "L" and "I" didn't merge, turning the logo into "Black Buzzard." This became the final art, and Adrian opted to fill in the letterforms so as less to compete with a busy layout. The outline was in case Adrian wanted to knock out a white shape around the letters. I looked through an old Speedball lettering manual and found an alphabet whose characters were vaguely kanji like. I was thrilled and slightly puzzled to get the assignment. Adrian also said he wanted the title to resemble a pulp paperback. This was the original cover to Black Blizzard, but was not drawn by Tatsumi. Adrian Tomine sent me this image and asked if I could imitate the lettering.
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